![]() ![]() ![]() Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens” Phys. Veselago, “The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ,” Sov. Spitzer, “Physics of Fully Ionized Gases,” 2nd edn., Interscience Publications, Wiley, New York (1962) Button, “Microwave Ferrites and Ferromagnetics,” McGraw-Hill, New York (1962) ![]() Nye, “Physical Properties of Crystals,” Oxford Science Publications, Oxford (1985)ī. Sands, “Feynman Lectures on Physics, The Definitive and Extended Edition, 2/E,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (2006) Sommerfeld, “Electromagnetics,” Academic, New York (1949) Stratton, “Electromagnetic Theory,” McGraw-Hill, New York (1941)Ī. Maxwell, “A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,” Dover, New York (1954) The fourth law states that that time-varying Electric fields or steady currents lead to a magnetic field.J. The third law states that the magnetic fields which vary with time lead to an electric field. The second law states that the magnetic flux induced across a closed surface is zero. The first law states that the electric flux which forms across a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed. Here, ρ represents net charge inside the surface, ε 0 represents permittivity of vacuum, B represents the magnetic field, E represents electric field and J represents current density. The 4 basic Maxwell’s Equations are as follows:. The Curl represents the rotation of a vector in a three-dimensional field. The Divergence operator of a vector quantity gives us a scalar entity, which represents the rate at which the density exits a given range of space. ![]() grad f = ∇f, which means the partial differentiation of a function with respect to x, y and z-axis in a 3 – dimensional domain. Grad f gives the gradient of a function i.e. The Del operator refers to the partial differentiation of a function. Law, Faraday’s Law, Kelvin’s law and Ampere Law.īefore learning Maxwell’s Equations, we need to learn 3 Mathematical operations which are basic entities of the equations. Maxwell’s four (4) differential equations unified existing laws of electricity and magnetism such as Newton’s The Scottish scientist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, brought the correlation between electricity and magnetism for the first time using Maxwell’s equations. The direction of electric field and Magnetic field is always perpendicular to each other, and the wave travels at the speed of light. Stationary charges in a system lead to an electric field and moving charges in a system lead to a magnetic field. Electromagnetism is the phenomenon which deals with the interaction between an Electric field and a magnetic Field. ![]()
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